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Citing Sources

Tips on citing sources from the DI Library

Citing Lectures and Personal Communications

In APA style, only retrievable sources are listed as References. Since a lecture heard in person is not retrievable by anyone else, do not include it in your References; the same is true for personal communications such as interviews and emails.

If you use a quotation or idea from a class lecture, a conversation, an email, or other form personal communication, do cite it using an in-text citation. Here's an example:

Students were encouraged by their instructor to ask the librarians if they had any questions about citing images (G. Gustafson, class lecture, July 17, 2024).